Adverbial Clause dan Direct Inderect

sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_clause

Adverbial clause

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An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb . An adverbial clause is a dependent clause functions as an That adverb . In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and a predicate , and it modifies a verb . In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and a predicate , and it modifies a verb .

• I saw Joe when I went to the store . (explicit subject I ) I saw Joe when I went to the store. (Explicit subject I)
• He sat quietly in order to appear polite . (implied subject he ) Quietly he sat in order to Appear polite. (Implied subject he)

According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts . According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, adverbial clauses function Mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts . In these functions they are like adverbial phrases , but due to their potentiality for greater explicitness, they are more often like prepositional phrases ( Greenbaum and Quirk ,1990): In these functions They are like adverbial phrases , but due to Their potentiality for Greater explicitness, Often They are more like propositional phrases (Greenbaum and Quirk, 1990):

• We left after the speeches ended . (adverbial clause) We left after the speeches ended. (Adverbial clause)
• We left after the end of the speeches . (adverbial prepositional phrase) We left after the end of the speeches. (Adverbial phrase propositional)

Contrast adverbial clauses with adverbial phrases , which do not contain a clause . Contrast the adverbial clauses with adverbial phrases , the which do not contain a clause .

• I like to fly kites for fun . I like to fly kites for fun.

Adverbial clauses modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Adverbial clauses modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. For example: For example:

• Hardly had I reached the station when the train started to leave the platform . Hardly had I reached the station when the train started to leave the platform.

The adverbial clause in this sentence is "when the train started to leave the platform" because it is a subordinate clause and because it has the trigger word ( subordinate conjunction ) "when". The adverbial clause in this sentence is "when the train started to leave the platform" because it is a subordinate clause, and Because It has the trigger word ( subordinate conjunction ) "when".

Kinds of adverbial clauses  Kinds of adverbial clauses

kind of clause kind of clause	common conjunctions common conjunctions	function function	example example
time clauses time clauses	when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until, till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc. (Conjunctions That answer the question "when?"); Hardly, scarcely, no Sooner, etc.	These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event. These clauses are used to say when something Happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.	Her goldfish died when she was young . Her goldfish Died when she was young.
conditional clauses conditional clauses	if, unless, lest if, unless, lest	These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences. These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its Consequences.	If they lose weight during an illness , they soon regain it afterwards. If They lose weight during an illness, They Regain it soon afterwards.
purpose clauses purpose clauses	in order to, so that, in order that in order to, so that, in order That	These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action. These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.	They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard . They had to take some of his land so That They Could extend the Churchyard.
reason clauses reason clauses	because, since, as, given Because, since, as, given	These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something. These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.	I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much . I could not feel anger against him because i liked him too much.
result clauses result clauses	so...that That so ...	These clauses are used to indicate the result of something. These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.	My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed . Become My Suitcase had so Damaged on the journey home That the lid would not stay closed.
concessive clauses concessive clauses	although, though, while although, though, while	These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising. These clauses are used to the make two statements, one of the which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.	I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now . I used to read a lot although I do not get much time for books now.
place clauses place clauses	where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. where, Wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?") (Conjunctions That answer the question "where?")	These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something. These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.	He said he was happy where he was . He said he was happy where he was.
clauses of manner Clauses of Manner	as, like, the way as, like, the way	These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done. These clauses are used to talk about someone's behavior or the way something is done.	I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them . I was never allowed to do Things as I wanted to do them.

 

Direct Speech or Quoted speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called Direct Speech. Here what a person says appears with quotation marks ( “….” ) and should be words for word.

Ex : She said, “ Today’s lesson is on presentations.” → this sentences using quotation mark

Indirect Speech or Reported Speech

Indirect speech sometime called reported speech doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

When reporting, speech the tenses usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past ( because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

Ex : Direct Speech : “ I’m going to the cinema”, he said.

Indirect Speech : He said that he was going to the cinema. → there is the addition of the word “THAT” in sentence.

The difference is only in the direct line there are quotation marks,while the indirect sentence there is no quotation marks.

TENSES CHANGES

As a rule when you report something, someone has said you go back a tense (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right).

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

1. PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE

She said, “It is cold.” ↔ She said it was cold.

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS

She said, “I am teaching English online.” ↔ She said she was teaching English

online.

3. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

She said, “I have been teaching English for ↔ She said she had been teaching English

seven years.” for seven years.

4. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

She said, “I have been on the web since 1999.”↔She said she had been on the web since

1999.

5. PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT

She said, “I thought online yesterday.” ↔ She said she had taught online

yesterday.

6. PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

She said, “I was teaching earlier.” ↔ She said she had been teaching earlier.

7. PAST PERFECT PAST PEFECT

She said, “The lesson had already started ↔ She said lesson had already started when

when he arrived.” he arrived. (NO CHANGE)

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

She said, “I would already been teaching for ↔She said I would already been teaching five minutes. for five minutes. (NO CHANGE

MODAL

Modal verb forms also sometimes change.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

1. WILL WOULD

She said, “I will teach English online ↔ She said she would teach English

tomorrow. online tomorrow.

2. CAN COULD

She said, “I can teach English online.” ↔ She said she could teach English online.

3. MUST HAD TO

She said, “I must have a computer teach ↔ She said she had to have a computer English online.” teach English online.

4. SHALL SHOULD

She said, “What shall we learn today?” ↔ She asked what we should learn

today.

5. MAY MIGHT

He told me, “You may leave us now” ↔ He told me that I might leave them

then.

NOTE : There is no change to could, would, should, might & ough to.

TIME CHANGE

If the reported sentences contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.

For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.

Expression of time if reported on a different day

· This ↔ That

· Today ↔ Yesterday

· These ↔ Those

· Now ↔ Then

· A week ago ↔ A week before

· Last weekend ↔ The weekend before last/

The previous weekend

· Here ↔ There

· Next week ↔ The following week

· Tomorrow ↔ The next

 Example :

Direct Speech:  Jane  : "I play tennis every Saturday."
    Reported Speech :  Jane said she played tennis every Saturday.
 

 
     1.    Direct speech :        David : "There is an excellent band playing later on."         
            Reported Speech :  David said there was an excellent bank playing later on.
   
     2.    Direct speech :        Christine : "I saw Amy at the bank on Monday."
            Reported Speech :  Christine said she had seen Amy at the bank on Monday.
   
     3.    Direct speech :         The driver : "I'm going to turn right at the traffic lights."
            Reported Speech :   The driver said he was going to turn right at the traffic lights.
   
     4.    Direct speech :         Jonathan: "I've returned the dictionary to the library".
            Reported Speech :   Jonathan said he had returned the dictionary to the library.
   
     5.    Direct speech :         The doctor : "I'll send you the results as soon as they arrive."
            Reported Speech :   The doctor said he would send me/us the results
                                              as soon as they arrived.
   
     6.    Direct speech :          Caroline : "Will you come to my party on Saturday?"
            Reported Speech :    Caroline asked (me) if I would come to her party on Saturday.
   
     7.    Direct speech :          Shop assistant:  "Are you looking for something special?"
            Reported Speech :    The shop assistant asked if I was looking for something special.
 
     8.    Direct speech :           Jack :  "I'll lend you my grammar book if you think it will help.
            Reported Speech :     Jack said he would lend me his grammar book
                                                if I thought it would help.