NOUN CLAUSE AND CONJUCTION

Noun clause

Definition:

A dependent clause that functions as a noun (that is, as a subject,object, or complement) within a sentence. Also known as a nominal clause.Two common types of noun clause in English are that-clauses andwh-clauses:

·         that-clause: I believe that everything happens for a reason.

·         wh-clause: How do I know what I think, until I seewhat I say?

See also:

·         Complement Clause

·         Gerund

·         Infinitive

·         Noun Phrase

Examples and Observations:

·         "When Mrs. Frederick C. Little's second son arrived, everybody noticed that he was not much bigger than a mouse."(E.B. White, Stuart Little, 1945)

·         "I know that there are things that never have been funny, and never will be. And I know that ridicule may be a shield, but it is not a weapon."
(Dorothy Parker)

"I believe that there is a subtle magnetism in Nature, which, if we unconsciously yield to it, will direct us aright." (Henry David Thoreau) "Whoever was the person behind Stonehenge was one dickens of a motivator, I'll tell you that." (Bill Bryson, Notes From a Small Island. Doubleday, 1995) "How we remember, what we remember, and why we remember form the most personal map of our individuality."
(Christina Baldwin)

• "This is the story of what a Woman's patience can endure, and of what a Man's resolution can achieve."
  (Wilkie Collins, The Woman in White, 1859)
• "That dogs, low-comedy confederates of small children and ragged bachelors, should have turned into an emblem of having made it to the middle class--like the hibachi, like golf clubs and a second car--seems at the very least incongruous."
  (Edward Hoagland, "Dogs, and the Tug of Life").
• "All sentences, then, are clauses, but not all clauses are sentences. In the following sentences, for example, the direct object slot contains a clause rather than a noun phrase. These are examples of nominal clauses (sometimes called 'noun clauses'):

      I know that the students studied their assignment.

      I wonder what is making Tracy so unhappy.

These nominal clauses are examples of dependent clauses--in contrast to independent clauses, those clauses that function as complete sentences."
(Martha Kolln and Robert Funk, Understanding English Grammar, 5th ed., Allyn and Bacon, 1998).

·         "I have run, I have crawled, I have scaled these city walls, These city walls
Only to be with you, Only to be with you. But I still haven't found what I'm looking for." (written and performed by U2, "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For," The Joshua Tree, 1987)

Also Known As: nominal clause

Working With Clauses

·         Subordination with Adjective Clauses

·         Sentence Building with Adjective Clauses

·         Building Sentences with Adverb Clauses

Functions of a Noun

·         Subject

·         Complement

·         Object

Types of Objects

·         Direct Object

·         Indirect Object

·         Object of a Preposition

Related Articles

·         complement clause - definition and examples of complement clauses

·         subordinate clause - definition and examples of subordinate clauses

·         subordination - definition and examples of subordination

·         dependent clause - definition and examples of dependent clause

·         complex sentence - definition and examples of complex sentence

EXERCISE

Find out the noun clauses in the following sentence and state what purpose they serve.

1. the king ordered that the traitor should be putto death.

2. he said that he would not go.

3. that he is not interested in the offer is known to us.

4. he said that he was not feeling well.

5. I cannot rely on what he says.

ANSWER

1. here the noun clauses ‘that the traitor should be put to death’ is that object of the verb ordered

2. here the noun clause ‘that he would not go’ is the object of thec verb said.

3. here the noun clause ‘that he is not interested in the offer’ is the subject of the verb is.

4. here the noun clause ‘that was not feeling well’ is the object of the verb said.

5. here the noun clause ‘what he says’ is the object of the preposition on.

Source:

http://www.englishpractice.com/grammar/noun-clause-exercise/

CONJUCTION

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Conjunction is a term used in positional astronomy and astrology. It means that, as seen from some place (usually the Earth), two celestial bodies appear near one another in the sky. The event is also sometimes known as an appulse.

PASSING CLOSE

More generally, in the particular case of two planets, it means that they merely have the same right ascension (and hence the same hour angle). This is called conjunction in right ascension. However, there is also the term conjunction in ecliptical longitude. At such conjunction both objects have the same ecliptical longitude. Conjunction in right ascension and conjunction in ecliptical longitude do not normally take place at the same time, but in most cases nearly at the same time. However, at triple conjunctions, it is possible that a conjunction only in right ascension (or ecliptical length) occur. At the time of conjunction - it does not matter if in right ascension or in ecliptical longitude - the involved planets are close together upon the celestial sphere. In the vast majority of such cases, one of the planets will appear to pass north or south of the other.

PASSING CLOSER

However, if two celestial bodies attain the same declination at the time of a conjunction in right ascension (or the same ecliptical latitude at a conjunction in ecliptical longitude), the one that is closer to the Earth will pass in front of the other. In such a case, a syzygy takes place. If one object moves into the shadow of another, the event is an eclipse. For example, if the Moon passes into the shadow of Earth and disappears from view, this event is called a lunar eclipse. 

 If the visible disk of the nearer object is considerably smaller than that of the farther object, the event is called a transit. When Mercury passes in front of the Sun, it is a transit of Mercury, and when Venus passes in front of the Sun, it is a transit of Venus. When the nearer object appears larger than the farther one, it will completely obscure its smaller companion; this is called an occultation. An example of an occultation is when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, causing the Sun to disappear either entirely or partially. This phenomenon is commonly known as a solar eclipse (though the term is a misnomer). Occultations in which the larger body is neither the Sun nor the Moon are very rare. More frequent, however, is an occultation of a planet by the Moon. Several such events are visible every year from various places on Earth.

POSITION OF THE OBSERVER

The term conjunction primarily refers to a phenomenon defined only for the position of the observer, not just to a celestial relationship. However, e.g. for moon and sun observed from the earth, conjunction as a classifying term may apply both to the positions of conjunction (both sun and moon observed jointly in one direction or with similar ecliptical longitude) and to opposition (both sun and moon observed separately in opposite directions or with ecliptical longitude 180 degrees apart).

SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR

As seen from a planet that is superior, if an inferior planet is on the opposite side of the Sun, it is in superior conjunction with the Sun. An inferior conjunction occurs when the two planets lie in a line on the same side of the Sun. In an inferior conjunction, the superior planet is "in opposition" to the Sun as seen from the inferior planet.

The terms "inferior conjunction" and "superior conjunction" are used in particular for the planets Mercury andVenus, which are inferior planets as seen from the Earth. However, this definition can be applied to any pair of planets, as seen from the one farther from the Sun.

A planet (or asteroid or comet) is simply said to be in conjunction, when it is in conjunction with the Sun, as seen from the Earth. The Moon is in conjunction with the Sun at New Moon (or rather Dark Moon).

"Quasi-conjunctions" are also possible; in this scenario, a planet in retrograde motion — always either Mercuryor Venus — will "drop back" in right ascension until it almost allows another planet to overtake it, but then the former planet will resume its forward motion and thereafter appear to draw away from it again. This will occur in the morning sky, before dawn; or the reverse may happen in the evening sky after dusk, with Mercury or Venus entering retrograde motion just as it is about to overtake another planet (often Mercury and Venus are both of the planets involved, and when this situation arises they may remain in very close visual proximity for several days or even longer). The quasi-conjunction is reckoned as occurring at the time the distance in right ascension between the two planets is smallest, even though, when declination is taken into account, they may appear closer together shortly before or after this.

Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy_and_astrology)

exercize:
1. ( since / when/ after ) i was young, i have been staying in the village.
2. (while / until/ since) Bob was reading a book, sam was playing computer games.
3. you will be punish ( before / as / until) you were late
4. you can have the salad ( before / until/ since ) you take your dinner will be served later.

answer:

1. when
2. while
3. as
4. since

 Source:

http://id.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20111113230843AAngOq4

Adverbial Clause dan Direct Inderect

sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_clause

Adverbial clause

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation , search Jump to: navigation , search

An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb . An adverbial clause is a dependent clause functions as an That adverb . In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and a predicate , and it modifies a verb . In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and a predicate , and it modifies a verb .

• I saw Joe when I went to the store . (explicit subject I ) I saw Joe when I went to the store. (Explicit subject I)
• He sat quietly in order to appear polite . (implied subject he ) Quietly he sat in order to Appear polite. (Implied subject he)

According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts . According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, adverbial clauses function Mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts . In these functions they are like adverbial phrases , but due to their potentiality for greater explicitness, they are more often like prepositional phrases ( Greenbaum and Quirk ,1990): In these functions They are like adverbial phrases , but due to Their potentiality for Greater explicitness, Often They are more like propositional phrases (Greenbaum and Quirk, 1990):

• We left after the speeches ended . (adverbial clause) We left after the speeches ended. (Adverbial clause)
• We left after the end of the speeches . (adverbial prepositional phrase) We left after the end of the speeches. (Adverbial phrase propositional)

Contrast adverbial clauses with adverbial phrases , which do not contain a clause . Contrast the adverbial clauses with adverbial phrases , the which do not contain a clause .

• I like to fly kites for fun . I like to fly kites for fun.

Adverbial clauses modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Adverbial clauses modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. For example: For example:

• Hardly had I reached the station when the train started to leave the platform . Hardly had I reached the station when the train started to leave the platform.

The adverbial clause in this sentence is "when the train started to leave the platform" because it is a subordinate clause and because it has the trigger word ( subordinate conjunction ) "when". The adverbial clause in this sentence is "when the train started to leave the platform" because it is a subordinate clause, and Because It has the trigger word ( subordinate conjunction ) "when".

Kinds of adverbial clauses  Kinds of adverbial clauses

kind of clause kind of clause	common conjunctions common conjunctions	function function	example example
time clauses time clauses	when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until, till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc. (Conjunctions That answer the question "when?"); Hardly, scarcely, no Sooner, etc.	These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event. These clauses are used to say when something Happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.	Her goldfish died when she was young . Her goldfish Died when she was young.
conditional clauses conditional clauses	if, unless, lest if, unless, lest	These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences. These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its Consequences.	If they lose weight during an illness , they soon regain it afterwards. If They lose weight during an illness, They Regain it soon afterwards.
purpose clauses purpose clauses	in order to, so that, in order that in order to, so that, in order That	These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action. These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.	They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard . They had to take some of his land so That They Could extend the Churchyard.
reason clauses reason clauses	because, since, as, given Because, since, as, given	These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something. These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.	I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much . I could not feel anger against him because i liked him too much.
result clauses result clauses	so...that That so ...	These clauses are used to indicate the result of something. These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.	My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed . Become My Suitcase had so Damaged on the journey home That the lid would not stay closed.
concessive clauses concessive clauses	although, though, while although, though, while	These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising. These clauses are used to the make two statements, one of the which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.	I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now . I used to read a lot although I do not get much time for books now.
place clauses place clauses	where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. where, Wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?") (Conjunctions That answer the question "where?")	These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something. These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.	He said he was happy where he was . He said he was happy where he was.
clauses of manner Clauses of Manner	as, like, the way as, like, the way	These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done. These clauses are used to talk about someone's behavior or the way something is done.	I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them . I was never allowed to do Things as I wanted to do them.

 

Direct Speech or Quoted speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called Direct Speech. Here what a person says appears with quotation marks ( “….” ) and should be words for word.

Ex : She said, “ Today’s lesson is on presentations.” → this sentences using quotation mark

Indirect Speech or Reported Speech

Indirect speech sometime called reported speech doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

When reporting, speech the tenses usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past ( because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

Ex : Direct Speech : “ I’m going to the cinema”, he said.

Indirect Speech : He said that he was going to the cinema. → there is the addition of the word “THAT” in sentence.

The difference is only in the direct line there are quotation marks,while the indirect sentence there is no quotation marks.

TENSES CHANGES

As a rule when you report something, someone has said you go back a tense (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right).

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

1. PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE

She said, “It is cold.” ↔ She said it was cold.

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS

She said, “I am teaching English online.” ↔ She said she was teaching English

online.

3. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

She said, “I have been teaching English for ↔ She said she had been teaching English

seven years.” for seven years.

4. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

She said, “I have been on the web since 1999.”↔She said she had been on the web since

1999.

5. PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT

She said, “I thought online yesterday.” ↔ She said she had taught online

yesterday.

6. PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

She said, “I was teaching earlier.” ↔ She said she had been teaching earlier.

7. PAST PERFECT PAST PEFECT

She said, “The lesson had already started ↔ She said lesson had already started when

when he arrived.” he arrived. (NO CHANGE)

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

She said, “I would already been teaching for ↔She said I would already been teaching five minutes. for five minutes. (NO CHANGE

MODAL

Modal verb forms also sometimes change.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

1. WILL WOULD

She said, “I will teach English online ↔ She said she would teach English

tomorrow. online tomorrow.

2. CAN COULD

She said, “I can teach English online.” ↔ She said she could teach English online.

3. MUST HAD TO

She said, “I must have a computer teach ↔ She said she had to have a computer English online.” teach English online.

4. SHALL SHOULD

She said, “What shall we learn today?” ↔ She asked what we should learn

today.

5. MAY MIGHT

He told me, “You may leave us now” ↔ He told me that I might leave them

then.

NOTE : There is no change to could, would, should, might & ough to.

TIME CHANGE

If the reported sentences contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.

For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.

Expression of time if reported on a different day

· This ↔ That

· Today ↔ Yesterday

· These ↔ Those

· Now ↔ Then

· A week ago ↔ A week before

· Last weekend ↔ The weekend before last/

The previous weekend

· Here ↔ There

· Next week ↔ The following week

· Tomorrow ↔ The next

 Example :

Direct Speech:  Jane  : "I play tennis every Saturday."
    Reported Speech :  Jane said she played tennis every Saturday.
 

 
     1.    Direct speech :        David : "There is an excellent band playing later on."         
            Reported Speech :  David said there was an excellent bank playing later on.
   
     2.    Direct speech :        Christine : "I saw Amy at the bank on Monday."
            Reported Speech :  Christine said she had seen Amy at the bank on Monday.
   
     3.    Direct speech :         The driver : "I'm going to turn right at the traffic lights."
            Reported Speech :   The driver said he was going to turn right at the traffic lights.
   
     4.    Direct speech :         Jonathan: "I've returned the dictionary to the library".
            Reported Speech :   Jonathan said he had returned the dictionary to the library.
   
     5.    Direct speech :         The doctor : "I'll send you the results as soon as they arrive."
            Reported Speech :   The doctor said he would send me/us the results
                                              as soon as they arrived.
   
     6.    Direct speech :          Caroline : "Will you come to my party on Saturday?"
            Reported Speech :    Caroline asked (me) if I would come to her party on Saturday.
   
     7.    Direct speech :          Shop assistant:  "Are you looking for something special?"
            Reported Speech :    The shop assistant asked if I was looking for something special.
 
     8.    Direct speech :           Jack :  "I'll lend you my grammar book if you think it will help.
            Reported Speech :     Jack said he would lend me his grammar book
                                                if I thought it would help.